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Overview of IoT wireless standards

As a large number of daily objects are increasingly given Internet connectivity and various auxiliary functions, the Internet of Things has gradually evolved from dreams into reality. The foundation of IoT devices lies in the ability of sensors, controllers, actuators, and displays to communicate via the Internet, a unified platform. However, because many applications and environments cannot realize the Internet via physical lines such as Ethernet or optical fiber, the use of wireless hubs for more flexible wireless communication with IoT devices has become an alternative.

For many applications, people desperately hope that Internet communications are not restricted by physical connections. Such applications include, for example, patient monitoring in medical applications, wireless beacons in urban frontage stores or retail stores, and industrial applications that require communication between a large number of cooperating machines. Due to the wide variety of wireless Internet of Things devices in reality, the wireless standards/protocols and wireless communication methods adopted by such emerging devices are also varied. This article will give a brief introduction to the commonly used or possibly adopted wireless standards in the Internet of Things field.

Wireless Standards in the Internet of Things

Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWA)

Long range (LoRa)

SigFox

Ingenu

Weightless

NB-IoT

Short- and medium-range IoT wireless network technology

Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4

Thread

Bluetooth

Z-Wave

WiFi

WirelessHART

RFID/NFC

Cellular 4G/5G

3G

4G (LTE)

5G (below 6GHz)

5G (millimeter wave) * expected to be adopted in the future

Nowadays, the frequency commonly used in wireless standards for the Internet of Things is 2.4 GHz, which is the ISM frequency band shared by standards such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, Thread, and WiFi. In fact, the frequencies of all wireless IoT applications are below 6GHz, and the IoT technologies with the highest operating frequencies are 5GHz WiFi and high-frequency cellular. However, the future development of IEEE 802.11ah, 802.11af, or other TV White Band (TVWS) technologies may enable wireless IoT applications in the non-cellular frequency bands (US) above 400MHz to 700MHz. Among them, the low frequency band of TVWS opens a door for low-power long-range communications.

As various wireless standards differ not only in terms of infrastructure, design resources, suppliers, module sizes, certification difficulties, authorization costs, etc., but also in terms of operating frequency, modulation methods and protocols, maximum output power limitations, power efficiency, and effective Distance, networking type, interference issues, design/installation complexity are unique and each has its own merits, so the choice between specific standards involves complex considerations.

Although there are some universal wireless standards between some countries or regions, because each country or region has different control methods for radio frequencies, it causes the following chaos: some wireless IoT devices actually use unlicensed frequency bands; some Wireless IoT frequency bands require licenses and additional usage fees; some currently available frequency bands may be used in the future through licensing policies to restrict the location and use methods; some wireless standards/protocols themselves are proprietary to certain structures , And the equipment hardware must be purchased from an authorized distributor, or may need to apply for an IP license. In addition, some IoT wireless standards (such as LoRa and Thread) are open standards and are the result of joint development by many industry partners, experts and associations.

After selecting the wireless standard, the IoT OEM also needs to select certified equipment under the standard, or develop equipment that meets the standard by itself. Such devices are usually communication chips or microcontrollers/microprocessors (MCU/MPU) with integrated communication functions. In order to implement the wireless standard, IoT OEMs will then need to design the above-mentioned equipment and corresponding radio frequency components, antennas and interconnects that comply with the standard into the same circuit, and generally need to accept and pass electromagnetic interference (EMI) from various countries. ) Certification in terms of radiation and resistance, the so-called electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) certification.




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